Greeting world leaders this week in western Russia, President Vladimir Putin has rolled out a red-carpet welcome in his pursuit of partners, like China and Iran, interested in ending U.S. dominance over the international financial system.

But one guest among the dozens of leaders present was not like the others.

President Recep Tayyip Erdogan of Turkey, who arrived in the Russian city of Kazan on Wednesday, was the only leader of a NATO country to take part in the meetings, known as the BRICS summit.