How Germany's hydrogen economy could transform energy use

German utility EnBW this week pledged €1 billion ($1.08 billion) to build pipelines to carry clean hydrogen as part of a plan for a nationwide grid that will start commercial operations by 2032.

Germany is betting on green hydrogen, produced through electrolysis driven by wind and solar power, as an alternative to fossil fuels.

For some, it is a gamble; for others, a world-leading example.

The following outlines the progress so far.

Why is Germany central to EU hydrogen plans?

Germany is spearheading the European Union's shift toward cleaner energy because it is the bloc's biggest economy and exporter, with a reliance on industry for a third of its gross national product.

Advocates of the fuel say it will enable German products, such as cars or steel, to compete more effectively as pressure mounts from some consumers and investors for goods with greatly reduced carbon footprints.

The energy transition in Germany became urgent after its supply of relatively inexpensive gas from Russia ended following the Ukraine war.

The country's research and development has produced many patents for hydrogen over the last decade.

What are the wider uses?

The transport grid is just one element in a strategy that spans 10 gigawatts (GW) of domestic production capacity and an import strategy that will draw on supply from elsewhere in Europe and overseas.

New gas-to-power generation plants that can switch to hydrogen will be put to tender by the end of 2024 or early next year.

Industry players in steelmaking and chemicals have plans to replace coal- and gas-based hydrogen with green hydrogen and utilities are adding electrolysis and import facilities to their investment portfolios.

Who are the protagonists?

Some of the biggest players are steelmakers Thyssenkrupp, Salzgitter and ArcelorMittal, which plan to invest billions of euros in decarbonizing steel production, betting on hydrogen's availability.

Utilities are also among the leaders.

RWE plans 2 GW of electrolysis and 3 GW of hydrogen-ready gas-to-power capacity by the end of 2030. Of its total investments of €55 billion by that date, 25% are for hydrogen, batteries and flexible power production.

Uniper has a deal with Salzgitter to provide it with hydrogen from an ammonia cracker at Wilhelmshaven.

What are the costs for consumers and taxpayers?

The total cost for the hydrogen network, including 9,666 kilometers of pipelines, is estimated at around €19.7 billion.

Including that and adding electrolysis plants and renewable capacity to feed electrolysers and storage, PwC gave a total of €65 billion to €80 billion of costs up to 2030.

Much of the money will have to come from utility companies' balance sheets, from network usage fees borne by consumers, and from tax revenues as private financiers have so far proved reluctant.

"The business case for German hydrogen projects is not easy. The banks are asking for customers and secure returns," said Dirk Niemeier, a director and Lead for Clean Hydrogen and Alternative Fuels at PwC in Germany. "If there is no prospect, investments cannot be made."

Why the reliance on imports?

Germany, with a lack of its own fossil reserves, has traditionally been an energy importer and has already a network of partners.

For hydrogen, it can draw on existing trade relationships with Britain, Norway and the Netherlands and is building new alliances with southern Europe and North Africa, as well as Australia, Canada and Chile.

McKinsey data shows that hydrogen production costs in Germany could be $10 a kilogram in 2030, higher than the cost of $3 to $8 per kg for imports as countries with cheap renewable power and low labor costs can make green hydrogen relatively cheaply.

Grey hydrogen made from gas of which Germany uses some 42 terawatt-hour each year, costs around $3 per kg, indices show.

What are other countries doing?

Britain, Denmark and Norway are expected to supply Germany with green or blue hydrogen. The latter is produced using natural gas in a process where the carbon dioxide released in production is captured and stored.

Italy, Spain and the Netherlands have elaborate strategies for their own and neighboring markets.

The United States is investing billions of dollars and so is China.