By most measures, Karthik Rajan’s farm in Singapore is a success story. Run from a two-hectare plot of land in the island’s north, LivFresh has been supplying major supermarkets with spinach, lettuce and other Asian green vegetables since 2022. The firm turned profitable in March.
It may still close down by the end of the year.
Rajan is one of a small number of entrepreneurs attempting to farm in a country smaller than New York City. Like most of his peers, he’s facing an uncertain future as funding runs dry, with investments in homegrown agricultural startups cratering over the past few years. Since the start of 2023, at least half a dozen large farms have shut down or scaled back operations.
The result is a significant setback for the Singapore government’s ambitious campaign to create a high-tech agricultural sector that can meaningfully reduce the country’s heavy reliance on food imports. In 2019, the Asian financial hub announced a plan to produce about one-third of its nutritional needs by the end of this decade — dubbed "30 by 30." Now about halfway to the deadline, it’s harvesting less than 10% of its seafood and vegetables, two out of three food sources closely tracked by officials.
"It’s a vicious cycle because costs are currently high and avenues to scale are limited,” said Rajan, 46, a business consultant for nearly two decades before venturing into farming. Within the next six months, he must secure $10 million in funding or exit the market. "Investors get the sense that ‘30 by 30’ is dead."
Singapore’s experience, including its struggle with the limits of technology and a tiny domestic market, is becoming a cautionary tale for smaller nations hoping to improve food security at a time when geopolitical tensions and a changing climate pose a constant threat to supply chains. It has also exposed what urban farming can — and can’t — do.
The Singapore Food Agency acknowledged the challenges farmers face, including high operating costs and a lack of demand, but said support was on offer. It added, in an emailed statement, that the city-state’s land and sea-based farms have remained "relatively stable" at about 250 since 2019.
"The ‘30 by 30’ vision is a stretched ambition but an important one," said the SFA, the main government body overseeing food security.
In Singapore’s race to develop after independence in 1965, soaring skyscrapers and sprawling housing projects sprang up, pushing out smallholders. As the financial hub grew in stature, the farming industry became collateral damage. Today, most of the sliver of land set aside for agriculture — about 1% of the total — has to be bid for and leased for just 20 years.
As a result, Singapore, with a densely packed population of nearly 6 million, imports the vast majority of its food, often across large distances. That leaves it more vulnerable when shocks such as global pandemics or natural disasters disrupt transportation or reduce food supply elsewhere.
The government has made no secret of the problem — a mismatch between space and demand. It planned to lean on technology to close the gap. A S$309 million ($230 million) research fund created in 2019 to support "30 by 30" is dedicated to facilitating innovative farming solutions. Another S$60 million fund launched in 2021 aims to help farms with technology and expansion — though less that half of that sum had been awarded as of end-April.
For Singapore’s farmers, though, tech-focused funding cannot solve far more practical problems.
"Running a farm here is barely sustainable," said Kai Wong, who rears fish from wooden platforms off Singapore’s coast. "If you have no output, it’s impossible to start inventing and implementing new tech."
To boost demand for his produce and ensure his fish is used, Wong had to expand beyond farming, setting up a restaurant and seafood soup stall.
90% down
A global plunge in private funding has weighed heavily, helping to drag the value of deals in Singapore’s food and agriculture technology sector down almost 90% from a peak in 2021 to just $187 million last year, according to data from venture capital firm AgFunder.
Apollo Aquaculture Group, touted as Singapore’s tallest fish farm and backed by Temasek Holdings, is now under judicial management. Sustenir, a vertical vegetable farm that’s also backed by the heavyweight institutional investor, is on track to be profitable in the next six months, the firm says — but only after years of losses.
The state-owned investor is not retreating from the sector, but opportunities have declined, according to Chia Song Hwee, deputy chief executive officer for Temasek International.
All the while, Singapore’s red tape is adding to the pain, say farmers and agricultural executives. David Tan, chief executive of agricultural engineering firm Netatech, estimates that in extreme cases approval from as many as 10 agencies is required to obtain a single farming license, saying the process can be "painful."
Victoria Yoong, who founded Atlas Aquaculture with her husband in 2019, had to wait more than a year for a permit to sell groupers reared in their fish farm. The process took so long that their tanks ended up full of fish with oversized heads, twice the ideal weight and less desirable for buyers.
"How can I tell investors with confidence that it’s OK to do farming here?" she said. "We want to get the basics right here, but my own government doesn’t support me."
Of course, the lack of progress in "30 by 30" is also in part due to Singapore’s success in diversifying its food supply, as part of the same national efforts to enhance resilience. As a major trading port, it has sourced food from across the world — from Turkish eggs to Spanish mutton. Add in cheap produce from neighboring nations, and consumers are often spoiled for choice.
That means demand for pricier locally grown food is weak, said Mark Lee, who had to close his rooftop farm last year. None of the major supermarkets in Singapore agreed to sell his produce, he said, with one advising him to repackage vegetables from Malaysia instead. "No one wants to pay more," Lee added.
Back at the farms clustered in northern Singapore, producers are focusing on finding ways to remain afloat. LivFresh’s Rajan let go five of its employees last year to cut costs and is utilizing just one third of its land.
Atlas Aquaculture’s Yoong says she’s considering moving operations to countries including Indonesia, Malaysia or Australia. Setting up in Singapore was "the worst financial decision ever," Yoong said.
"Do I still want to be a farmer? Yes. Do I still want to be a farmer in Singapore? No."