Japan and the rest of Asia will likely have to deal with rising protectionism and economic nationalism regardless of who is elected U.S. president this fall, academics and researchers say.

Whether it’s Vice President Kamala Harris or former President Donald Trump, economic security will remain a top priority for the United States, although the two candidates are expected to approach protectionist policies affecting the region in a different way.

The trend is set, and neither is likely to challenge it.