The threat to jobs caused by the electric vehicle transition isn’t just a hot-button issue in the U.S., where a presidential election campaign is in full swing.

In Japan, the heads of Toyota, the country’s largest employer with close to 381,000 staffers, are grappling with how the carmaker’s technological transformation will impact not only its workers but the nation’s vast auto supply chain and the thousands of jobs it supports.

In South Korea, Hyundai Motor and Kia’s moves toward electrification are provoking similar anxieties in that country’s highly active and organized labor movement.