“There is rice in the fields and fish in the water,” is an old saying that speaks to the natural abundance of Thailand as the land of milk and honey with fresh, affordable food aplenty. Most Thais are experts when it comes to naming freshwater fish, which are an easily accessible source of quality protein. There is, however, one particular fish that has become a common household name but its exact origin is unknown to the younger Thais.
The mouthbrooder — a name it received from cradling its hatchlings in its mouth until they come of age — is also known to scientists as Oreochromis niloticus or Tilapia nilotica, a cichlid fish native to the northern half of Africa and some parts of the Middle East. Colloquially named Nile tilapia in English from its natural habitat and pla nil in Thai from an abbreviation of its scientific name, this hardy fish whose versatility as an herbivore with omnivorous tendencies and trimester hatching cycles is ideally suited for any freshwater source. The story of this fish began in earnest with a school of 50 mouthbrooders raised in a palace pond whose offspring would one day go on to feed millions of people.
The origin of the fish’s local popularity can be traced back to the visit to Thailand in 1964 of Emperor Emeritus Akihito, who was then the Crown Prince of Japan. While visiting the Museum of Fisheries at Kasetsart University, the royal guest, who is an avid ichthyologist, was particularly pleased with the variety of fish specimens at the museum. Then a specimen of goby that was first discovered in Thailand caught his attention.
With his encyclopedic knowledge of fish, he inquired: “Is this the fish that Dr. Smith found?”
This very utterance carries a special meaning for two reasons: First, the fish was named Mahidol Goby Fish in honor of Prince Mahidol Adulyadej, the Father of King Bhumibol Adulyadej The Great; and second, the species was first discovered and named in 1953 by Dr. Hugh McCormick Smith, a leading ichthyologist who was engaged by King Vajiravudh, the Uncle of King Bhumibol Adulyadej The Great, to set up the country’s Department of the Protection of Aquatic Animals. Smith, later on, became the first director-general of this very department.
That historical visit created a long-lasting bond between the current Emperor Emeritus of Japan and the previous monarch of Thailand, who shared his interest in the study of fish. The serendipitous event set in motion a series of events that introduced pla nil as the common Thai household’s go-to source of affordable protein, popularized by its tasty and tender flesh that is usually fried, grilled or cooked with other ingredients to produce the Thai style umami.
In 1965, King Bhumibol would write to request tilapias from the Crown Prince, who responded by gifting him with 50 Tilapia nilotica. The first batch of pla nil was kept in a pond at Chitralada Palace, the King’s royal residence. The fish made the palace their home and quickly multiplied. Up to 10,000 fingerlings were later donated to the Department of Fisheries. The fish can now be found in rice paddies, ponds and other water sources in all corners of Thailand.
This means that those in need of a hearty meal rich in protein could simply take their pick from backyard ponds, flooded rice paddies and communal water sources. In fact, it was the late King’s ingenious idea to introduce the fish to rice farmers so it could be reared in flooded rice fields during planting season. Rice farmers could receive the full nutrients they need with carbohydrates from rice and protein from fish. The farmers could also generate extra income from farming fish while awaiting rice harvests.
Access to such quality protein enables most Thais to develop a level of resiliency against external volatilities, or a certain “self-immunity.” This is in line with the Sufficiency Economy Philosophy that seeks to ensure a level of protection against unforeseen shocks and externalities while fostering sustainable food security according to Goal 2 of the U.N.’s sustainable development goals: ending hunger, achieving food security, improving nutrition and promoting sustainable agriculture.
With royal support and guidance, the Department of Fisheries was able to innovate aquaculture technologies that would facilitate mass production of Nile tilapia for large-scale commercial farming. The latest innovation entails the cradling of the fish eggs inside artificial trays that mimic the conditions of the parent fish’s mouth, thereby reducing the rate of mutation and premature loss of life naturally associated with divergence from the natural mouth-brooding process. Thanks to this technique, Nile tilapia can nowadays be mass-produced at a capacity of 220,000 tons per annum with over 300,000 fish farmers countrywide adopting the latest technology.
Fish farmers are also getting more innovative with processing their products. Instead of relying solely on selling white meat to markets, progress is underway to diversify products to tasty snacks such as fish chips or baked fish with herbs as ready-made meals for modern consumers. In so doing, the fishermen are also aiming to cut the vicious cycle created by middlemen.
Since the first school of Nile tilapia arrived in Thailand, the Department of Fisheries has been successful in developing new strains of fish that are easier to raise and more resistant to disease. One of them, Chitralada 3, was brought to Mozambique as part of the project to train local residents on how to raise the fish as an additional source of food. Pla nil was brought back to its home continent and the hatchery in Mozambique can now breed new fingerlings of the Chitralada strain of tilapia themselves.
From its humble beginnings as gifts to a friend formed out of a love for science and zoology, Tilapia nilotica is the gift that keeps on giving beyond borders. Tens of thousands of tons of pla nil are produced annually, providing stable livelihoods to countless families in Thailand and abroad. It also supports food security, economic prosperity and provides a steady source of income in line with the Sufficiency Economy Philosophy.
Singtong Lapisatepun is a career diplomat and currently serves as Ambassador of Thailand to Japan. Lapisatepun is an expert on Japan and East Asian affairs, speaks fluent Japanese and has previously served in key positions including Ambassador of Thailand to the Republic of Korea and Director-General of the Department of East Asian Affairs.
