Deadly heat waves are scorching cities on four continents as the Northern Hemisphere marks the first day of summer — a sign that climate change may again help to fuel record-breaking heat that could surpass last summer as the warmest in 2,000 years.
Record temperatures in recent days are suspected to have caused hundreds, if not thousands, of deaths across Asia and Europe.
In Saudi Arabia, nearly 2 million Muslim pilgrims are finishing the Hajj at the Grand Mosque in Mecca this week.
But hundreds have died during the journey amid temperatures above 51 degrees Celsius, according to reports from foreign authorities.
Egyptian medical and security sources said on Thursday that at least 530 Egyptians had died while participating — up from 307 reported as of yesterday.
Another 40 remain missing.
Countries around the Mediterranean have also endured another week of blistering high temperatures that have contributed to forest fires from Portugal to Greece and along the northern coast of Africa in Algeria, according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Earth Observatory.
In Serbia, meteorologists forecast temperatures of around 40 C this week as winds from North Africa propelled a hot front across the Balkans.
Health authorities declared a red weather alert and advised people not to venture outdoors.
Belgrade's emergency service said its doctors intervened 109 times overnight to treat people with heart and chronic health conditions.
In neighboring Montenegro, where health authorities also warned people to stay in the shade until late afternoon, tens of thousands of tourists sought refreshment on the beaches along its Adriatic coast.
Europe this year has also been contending with a spate of dead or missing tourists amid dangerous heat.
A broad swath of the eastern U.S. was also wilting for a fourth consecutive day under a heat dome, a phenomenon that occurs when a strong, high-pressure system traps hot air over a region, preventing cool air from getting in and causing ground temperatures to remain high.
New York City opened emergency cooling centers in libraries, senior centers and other facilities.
While the city's schools were operating normally, a number of districts in the surrounding suburbs sent students home early to avoid the heat.
Meteorological authorities also issued an excessive heat warning for parts of the U.S. state of Arizona, including Phoenix, on Thursday, with temperatures expected to reach 45.5 C.
In the nearby state of New Mexico, a pair of fast-moving wildfires abetted by the blistering heat have killed two people, burned more than 23,000 acres and destroyed 500 homes, according to authorities.
Heavy rains could help temper the blazes, but thunderstorms on Thursday were also causing flash flooding and complicating firefighting efforts.
All told, nearly 100 million Americans were under extreme heat advisories, watches and warnings on Thursday, according to the federal government's National Integrated Heat Health Information System.
The brutal temperatures should begin easing in New England on Friday, the weather service said, but New York and the mid-Atlantic states will continue to endure near-record heat into the weekend.
Counting the dead
India's summer period lasts from March to May, when monsoons begin slowly sweeping across the country and breaking the heat.
But New Delhi on Wednesday registered its warmest night in at least 55 years, with India's Safdarjung Observatory reporting a temperature of 35.2 C at 1 a.m.
Temperatures normally drop at night, but scientists say climate change is causing nighttime temperatures to rise.
In many parts of the world, nights are warming faster than days, according to a 2020 study by the University of Exeter.
New Delhi has clocked 38 consecutive days with maximum temperatures at or above 40 C since May 14, according to weather department data.
An official at the Indian health ministry said on Wednesday there were more than 40,000 suspected heatstroke cases and at least 110 confirmed deaths between March 1 and June 18, when northwest and eastern India recorded twice the usual number of heat wave days in one of the country's longest such spells.
Gaining accurate death tolls from heat waves, however, is difficult.
Most health authorities do not attribute deaths to heat, but rather the illnesses exacerbated by high temperatures, such as cardiovascular issues.
Authorities, therefore, undercount heat-related deaths by a significant margin — typically overlooking thousands if not tens of thousands of deaths.
Record warm temperatures
The heat waves are occurring against a backdrop of 12 consecutive months that have ranked as the warmest on record in year-on-year comparisons, according to the European Union's climate change monitoring service.
The World Meteorological Organization says there is an 86% percent chance that one of the next five years will eclipse 2023 to become the warmest on record.
While overall global temperatures have risen by nearly 1.3 C above preindustrial levels, climate change is fueling more extreme temperature peaks — making heat waves more common, more intense and longer-lasting.
On average globally, a heat wave that would have occurred once in 10 years in the preindustrial climate will now occur 2.8 times over 10 years, and it will be 1.2 C warmer, according to an international team of scientists with the World Weather Attribution (WWA) group.
Scientists say heat waves will continue to intensify if the world continues to unleash climate-warming emissions from the burning of fossil fuels.
If the world hits 2 C of global warming, heat waves would on average occur 5.6 times in 10 years and be 2.6 C hotter, according to the WWA.